Explores Britain, possibly Iceland. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pytheas
Himilco is the first known explorer from the Mediterranean Sea to reach the northwestern shores of Europe. His lost account of his adventures is quoted by Roman writers. The oldest reference to Himilco's voyage is a brief mention in Natural History (2.169a) by the Roman scholar Pliny the Elder.[2] Himilco was quoted three times by Rufus Festus Avienus, who wrote Ora Maritima, a poetical account of the geography in the 4th century AD.[3] We know next to nothing of Himilco himself. Himilco sailed north along the Atlantic coast of present-day Spain, Portugal, England[4] and France. He reached northwestern France, as well as the territory of the Oestrimini tribe living in Portugal probably to trade for tin to be used for making bronze and for other precious metals. Records of the voyages of the Carthaginian Himilco take note of the islands of Albion and Ierne. Avienus asserts that the outward journey to the Oestriminis took the Carthaginians four months.[5] Himilco was not (according to Avienus) the first to sail the northern Atlantic Ocean; according to Avienus, Himilco followed the trade route used by the Tartessians of southern Iberia.[citation needed] Pliny says his voyage was pretty much simulataneous with that of Hanno. Enter story info here
The Carthaginian Hanno the Navigator is known to have sailed through the Strait of Gibraltar c. 500 BC and explored the Atlantic coast of Africa. There is general consensus that the expedition reached at least as far as Senegal.[14] There is a lack of agreement whether the furthest limit of Hanno's explorations was Mount Cameroon or Guinea's 890-metre (2910-foot) Mount Kakulima.[15] According to Pliny the Elder, Hanno started his journey at the same time that Himilco started to explore the European Atlantic coast. Pliny reports that Hanno actually managed to circumnavigate the African continent, from Gades to Arabia.[14]Natural history 2 169.
around the African continent. They stop each summer to rest and grow and harvest wheat. See HerodotusZ: Libya14 shows clearly that it is surrounded by the sea, except where it borders on Asia. Nekos king of Egypt made this discovery first known. When he had stopped the digging of the canal connecting the Nile to the Arabian Gulf, he sent Phoenicians in ships, with orders to sail on their return voyage past the Pillars of Heracles15 until they entered the northern sea and so returned to Egypt. The Phoenicians set out from the Red Sea and sailed the southern sea. Whenever autumn came they landed and planted grain in the part of Libya they had reached, and there they waited for harvest time. Then, after gathering the crop, they continued their voyage, so that two years had passed. It was in the third year that they rounded the Pillars of Heracles and returned to Egypt. There they claimed and some may believe it, though I do not, that when sailing around Libya they had the sun on their right hand. Histories 4,42
Entehttps://www.realmofhistory.com/2017/10/02/irish-st-brendan-new-world-americas/r story info here
Chip Hill 7 Cottage Street. Hard floor and cut stones found in 1853. https://buildingprovincetown.wordpress.com/2010/01/05/7-cottage-street/
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Wrote Codex Masudicus Calculated eath's circumference with 10 miles. Hypothesized that there was a land mass on the other side of the world and that it was inhabited
Possibly sailed to Newfoundland Enter story info here. Would have preceded Columbus. Discouraged by the failure to find the much desired route to the Orient the Portuguese government turned to Christian I, King of Denmark and Norway, with a request that he send out an expedition to seek new lands beyond the western seas. This request may have been suggested by a statement in the writings of Claudius Clavus, a Danish cartographer of the fourteenth century, that navigators could make the journey by sea from China to Norway. Such an expedition was actually sent. The famous captain, Diderik Pining, who was also notorious for successful piracy, commanded the expedition while a Norwegian navigator, John Scolvus, directed the venture as pilot. Two Portuguese subjects, João Vaz Corte-Real and Alvaro Martins Homem, accompanied the expedition in the interest of the Portuguese king. Pining and Scolvus probably sailed from western Iceland, visited the shores of Greenland and then sailed south at least as far as Newfoundland which the Portuguese named the Codfish country (Terra do Bacalhao). On their return to Lisbon, Corte-real and his associate prepared an account of the great journey which was widely circulated in the earlier decades of the following century, but of which no copy has thus far come to light (Larson, 1922, p83).https://esoterx.com/2016/08/28/training-wheels-of-the-gods-joao-vaz-corte-real-and-the-new-land-of-codfish/ participou em 1461 na expedição que defendeu a praça norte-africana de Alc https://www.infopedia.pt/$joao-vaz-corte-real http://expresso.sapo.pt/cultura/2016-02-27-Portugueses-chegaram-a-America-19-anos-antes-de-Colombo also https://esoterx.com/2016/08/28/training-wheels-of-the-gods-joao-vaz-corte-real-and-the-new-land-of-codfish/
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First possible voyage Voyages Portrait of Amerigo Vespucci as a child, part of the Madonna della Misericordia (c. 1472) by Domenico Ghirlandaio at the Ognissanti church in Florence The first and fourth voyages are perhaps fabricated, but the second and third are certain.[b] First voyage A letter published in 1504 purports to be an account by Vespucci, written to Soderini, of a lengthy visit to the New World, leaving Spain in May 1497 and returning in October 1498. However, modern scholars have doubted that this voyage took place, and consider this letter a forgery.[9] Whoever did write the letter makes several observations of native customs, including use of hammocks and sweat lodges.[10] Second voyage About 1499–1500, Vespucci joined an expedition in the service of Spain, with Alonso de Ojeda (or Hojeda) as the fleet commander. The intention was to sail around the southern end of the African mainland into the Indian Ocean.[11] After hitting land at the coast of what is now Guyana, the two seem to have separated. Vespucci sailed southward, discovering the mouth of the Amazon River and reaching 6°S, before turning around and seeing Trinidad and the Orinoco River and returning to Spain by way of Hispaniola. The letter, to Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici, claims that Vespucci determined his longitude celestially [12] on August 23, 1499, while on this voyage. However, that claim may be fraudulent,[12] which could cast doubt on the letter's credibility. Third voyage Portrait engraving of Vespucci by Crispijn van de Passe, which titles him "discoverer and conqueror of Brazilian land" The last certain voyage of Vespucci was led by Gonçalo Coelho in 1501–1502 in the service of Portugal. Departing from Lisbon, the fleet sailed first to Cape Verde where they met two of Pedro Álvares Cabral's ships returning from India. In a letter from Cape Verde, Vespucci says that he hopes to visit the same lands that Álvares Cabral had explored, suggesting that the intention is to sail west to Asia, as on the 1499–1500 voyage.[11] On reaching the coast of Brazil, they sailed south along the coast of South America to Rio de Janeiro's bay. If his own account is to be believed, he reached the latitude of Patagonia before turning back, although this also seems doubtful, since his account does not mention the broad estuary of the Río de la Plata, which he must have seen if he had gotten that far south. Portuguese maps of South America, created after the voyage of Coelho and Vespucci, do not show any land south of present-day Cananéia at 25° S, so this may represent the southernmost extent of their voyages. After the first half of the expedition, Vespucci mapped Alpha and Beta Centauri, as well as the constellation Crux, the Southern Cross and the Coalsack Nebula.[13] Although these stars had been known to the ancient Greeks, gradual precession had lowered them below the European horizon so that they had been forgotten. On his return to Lisbon, Vespucci wrote in a letter to Medici that the land masses they explored were much larger than anticipated and different from the Asia described by Ptolemy or Marco Polo and therefore, must be a New World, that is, a previously unknown fourth continent, after Europe, Asia, and Africa.[citation needed] Fourth voyage Vespucci awakens "America" in a Stradanus engraving (circa 1638) Vespucci's fourth voyage was another expedition for the Portuguese crown down the eastern coast of Brazil, that set out in May 1503 and returned to Portugal in June 1504. Like his alleged first voyage, Vespucci's last voyage in 1503–1504 is also disputed to have taken place.[14] The only source of information for the last voyage is the Letter to Soderini,[15] but as several modern scholars dispute Vespucci's authorship of the letter to Soderini, it is also sometimes doubted whether Vespucci undertook this trip.[b] However, Portuguese documents do confirm a voyage to Brazil was undertaken in 1503–04 by the captain Gonçalo Coelho, very likely the same captain of the 1501 mapping expedition (Vespucci's third voyage), and so it is quite possible that Vespucci went on board this one as well.[16] However, it is not independently confirmed Vespucci was aboard and there are some difficulties in the reported dates and details. The letters caused controversy after Vespucci's death, especially among the supporters of Columbus who believed Columbus' priority for the discovery of America was being undermined, and seriously damaged Vespucci's reputation.[17] Personal life
In 1500, Gaspar set out again with Miguel. (The Corte-Real brothers kidnapped and enslaved 57 First Nations people) and charted about 600 km of coastline of what is now Labrador. Gaspar sent Miguel with two ships back to Portugal. Following this, Gaspar was never heard from again. In May 1502, Miguel set out on an expedition to search for his brother, but he, too, disappeared, although two of the three ships returned to Portugal after they were separated. He is thought to have perished in a storm. The sole surviving brother, Vasco Anes Corte-Real, wanted to sail in search of his brothers, but the King of Portugal would not fund such an expedition. Goto story on Dighton Rock https://archive.org/stream/dightonrockstudy00dela#page/186/mode/2up/search/1511 Gaspar was heading south when he disappeared. South from Newfoundland. https://books.google.com/books?id=VsqCelF9OdkC&pg=PA463&lpg=PA463&dq=Jo%C3%A3o+Fernandes+Lavrador&source=bl&ots=_9OkOcw_ID&sig=ZrJyHZnJD0gKBdoymlV3mYp-QKw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1g-iBjYrXAhXJz4MKHUrbBqw4ChDoAQgxMAI#v=onepage&q=Jo%C3%A3o%20Fernandes%20Lavrador&f=false
Sailed to Labrador.
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Enter diverse as to form and color; because Policletus, the master of painting in ali its perfection would have fallen short in depicting them. There ali trees are f ragrant and they emit each and ali gum, oil, or some sort of sap. If the properties of these were known to us, I doubt not but that they would be salutary to the human body. And surely if the terrestrial paradise be in any part of this earth, I esteem that it is not far distant from those parts. Its situation, as I have related, lies toward the south in such a temperate climate that icy winters and fiery sum- mers alike are never there experienced. diverse as to form and color; because Policletus, the master of painting in ali its perfection would have fallen short in depicting them. There ali trees are f ragrant and they emit each and ali gum, oil, or some sort of sap. If the properties of these were known to us, I doubt not but that they would be salutary to the human body. And surely if the terrestrial paradise be in any part of this earth, I esteem that it is not far distant from those parts. Its situation, as I have related, lies toward the south in such a temperate climate that icy winters and fiery sum- mers alike are never there experienced. story info here
Some evidence that Verranzzo was aboard.
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Inscription on Dighton Rock?Enter story info here
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Nova Scotia? Champlain found old cross there: Fagundes, together with his vice-captain (Pêro de Barcelos or other navigator), and accompanied by colonists (mostly from the Azores and some of mainland Portugal), explored the islands of St Paul near Cape Breton, Sable Island, Penguin Island (now known as Funk Island), Burgeo, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon which he named the islands of Eleven Thousand Virgins in honor of Saint Ursula.[1] Alvares Fagundes Monument Halifax Nova Scotia King Manuel I of Portugal gave Fagundes exclusive rights and ownership of his discoveries on March 13, 1521. In 1607, Samuel de Champlain identified the remains of a large cross ("an old cross, all covered with moss, and almost wholly rotted away") at what is now Advocate, Nova Scotia on the Minas Basin. Some historians have attributed the erection of the cross to Fagundes, whom he presumed to have visited the spot some eight decades earlier.[2
Cape Fear Naaragannsett bay Maine plications forced La Normande back to home port, but Verrazzano’s ship, La Dauphine, piloted by Antoine de Conflans, departed on January 17, 1524, headed once more for the North American continent.[16] It neared the area of Cape Fear on about March 1 and, after a short stay, reached the Pamlico Sound lagoon of modern North Carolina. In a letter to Francis I, Verrazzano wrote that he was convinced the Sound was the beginning of the Pacific Ocean, from which an acRepairs were completed in the final weeks of 1523, and they set sail again. This time the ships headed south toward calmer waters, which were under dangerous Spanish and Portuguese control. After a stop in Madeira, complications forced La Normande back to home port, but Verrazzano’s ship, La Dauphine, piloted by Antoine de Conflans, departed on January 17, 1524, headed once more for the North American continent.[16] It neared the area of Cape Fear on about March 1 and, after a short stay, reached the Pamlico Sound lagoon of modern North Carolina. In a letter to Francis I, Verrazzano wrote that he was convinced the Sound was the beginning of the Pacific Ocean, from which an access could be gained to China. This report caused one of many errors in the depiction of North America in contemporary maps. The continent would not be fully mapped for hundreds of years. Verrazzano’s voyage in 1524 Continuing to explore the coast further northwards, Verrazzano and his crew came into contact with Native Americans living on the coast. However, he did not notice the entrances to Chesapeake Bay or the mouth of the Delaware River. In New York Bay, he encountered the Lenape and observed what he deemed to be a large lake, which was in fact the entrance to the Hudson River. He then sailed along Long Island and entered Narragansett Bay, where he received a delegation of Wampanoag and Narragansett people .
Coast of Maine and possibly New York Harbor. Might have seen Cape Cod. Well After Verrazano.Gomes was able to convince the Emperor Charles to finance a new expedition to find a northern passage to the Spice Islands, the fabled Northwest Passage. A 50-ton caravel, La Anunciada, was built for the purpose.[1] The expedition sailed on September 24, 1524 from A Coruña, with 29 men forming the crew. He arrived in Cuba and later sailed north. Gomes' expedition reached Cabot Strait and Cape Breton (in today's Nova Scotia province of Canada) in February 1525. As soon as he was able to renew his search for the passage, and probably thinking that an even Northern passage would not present much better conditions than what he remembered from the Strait of Magellan, he decided to sail South. He passed through Maine, where he thought the estuary of the Penobscot River to be the passage. He entered Upper New York Bay and the Hudson River (which he named the "San Antonio River"). Gomes returned to Spain on August 21, 1525.[1] During his voyage, Gomes abducted over 50 natives and took them back to Spain as evidence of a potentially lucrative slave trade. Charles V was reportedly horrified and set them free.[2]
On March 19, 1534, Cartier was assigned the mission of “undertaking the voyage of this kingdom to the New Lands to discover certain islands and countries where there are said to be great quantities of gold and other riches”. The following April 20, the navigator from Saint-Malo cast off with two ships and a crew of 61. Twenty days later he reached Newfoundland. The exploration began in an area frequented by Breton fishermen: from the Baie des Châteaux (Strait of Belle Isle) to southern Newfoundland. After erecting a cross at Saint-Servan on the north coast of the Gulf, Cartier tacked to the south. He first encountered the Magdalen Islands, and then set course for present-day Prince Edward Island, failing to notice that it was in fact an island.
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ll craft to the Iroquois village, where he arrived on October 2. There were nearly 2,000 people living there. The island and village were overlooked by a mountain, which he named mount Royal. He was taken there by his hosts, who spoke to him of the riches of the west, and again of the “Kingdom of the Saguenay”. The rapids north and south of Montreal Island prevented him from continuing his route to the west. Cartier had to return to harbour on the Saint-Charles river, where he found that relations with the Iroquois had become more acrimonious. The threat of an early winter lay before the Frenchmen.
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The article brings back the moment when some would say the world of today opened out: In 1572, Tycho Brahe observed a new star, a supernova in the constellation Cassiopeia. So he knew that the cosmology of the world since Aristotle was mistaken, and the heavens above were not unchanging. It took a few more decades before the work of Kepler and Galileo firmly established the beginnings of the scientific revolution to which we owe the modern world. NYT 10/17/17
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Having become interested in the possibility of finding a Northwest Passage to the Pacific Ocean, Frobisher in 1576 obtained the command of three small ships, in one of which he succeeded in crossing the Atlantic that year. He reached Labrador and Baffin Island and discovered the bay that now bears his name. He returned to England with reports of possible gold mines, thereby obtaining royal backing for two further expeditions to the same area, in 1577 and 1578. On the latter of these expeditions, Frobisher sailed up Hudson Strait but then turned back to anchor at Frobisher Bay, where his attempts to establish a colony were unsuccessful. Frobisher’s single-minded pursuit of mineral treasure limited the exploratory value of his voyages, and, when the ores he brought back from his third voyage proved to contain neither silver nor gold, his financing collapsed, and he was forced to seek other employment.
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George Weymouth (Waymouth)(c. 1585-c. 1612) was an English explorer of the area now occupied by the state of Maine. Captain Weymouth's expedition in Penobscot Bay in Maine Voyages[edit] George Weymouth (c. 1585-c. 1612) was a native of Cockington, Devon, who spent his youth studying shipbuilding and mathematics. In 1602 Weymouth was hired to seek a northwest passage to India by the recently formed East India Company.[1] He sailed the ship Discovery 300 miles into Hudson Strait[2] but turned back on July 26, as the year was far spent and many men were ill. Weymouth reached Dartmouth on September 5, 1602. In March 1605 Thomas Arundell, 1st Baron Arundell of Wardour and Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton sent Captain Weymouth to found a colony in Virginia under the ruse of searching again for a northwest passage.[3] Weymouth sailed from England on March 31, 1605 on the ship Archangel[4] and landed near Monhegan off the coast of Maine on May 17, 1605. James Rosier, who accompanied Weymouth on this expedition, would write that Monhegan was "woody, growen with Firre, Birch, Oke and Beech, as farre as we say along the shore; and so likely to be within. On the verge grow Gooseberries, Strawberries, Wild pease, and Wilde rose bushes."[5] Weymouth named the island Saint George after the patron saint of England.[4] Weymouth then explored the coast of Maine, including Penobscot Bay, arriving in Cape Cod on May 11, befriending the Patuxet natives, introducing them to English green peas, and impressing them with his magic by magnetizing his sword and picking up metal objects[6] before using their love of peas to kidnap five, returning to England in mid June.[7] They were Assacumet, Manida, sagamore Nahanada/Dehanada, Skitawarroes, and Tisquantum (Squanto); Weymouth presented the latter three to Sir Ferdinando Gorges, governor of Plymouth Fort, piquing his interest in exploration.[8] Gorges went on to teach his captives English and send them back, saying "The capture of these Indians must be acknowledged the means, under God, of putting on foot and giving life to all our plantations."[6] In Britain, the North American tree species Pinus strobus is referred to as the "Weymouth Pine", in honor of George Weymouth. IOne of his captives, Tisquantum (Squanto) later served as a translator for the Pilgrims.
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Buitlt near the mouth of the kennbunkport river by colonists of the Popham Colonynter story info here
The Popham Colony was the first colony in the region that would eventually become known as New England, coming five years after a short encampment on Cuttyhunk. The colony was abandoned after only one year, apparently more due to family changes in the leadership ranks than lack of success in the New World. The loss of life of the colonists in 1607 and '08 at Popham was far lower than that experienced at Jamestown.
EnChamplain also explored the Iroquois River (now called the Richelieu), which led him on the fourteenth of July, 1609, to the lake which would later bear his name. Like the traders who had preceded him, he sided with the Hurons, Algonquins and Montaignais against the Iroquois. This intervention in local politics was ultimately responsible for the warlike relations that were to pit the Iroquois against the French for generationter story info here
On 4 August the ship was at Cape Cod, from which Hudson sailed south to the entrance of the Chesapeake Bay. Rather than entering the Chesapeake he explored the coast to the north, finding Delaware Bay but continuing on north. On 3 September he reached the estuary of the river that initially was called the "North River" or "Mauritius" and now carries his name. He was not the first European to discover the estuary, though, as it had been known since the voyage of Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524. Nothing whatever is known of him until 1607, when London merchants employed him to search out a route to the Far East round the north of Russia. He found lots of whales and tried again in 1608, when two of his crew saw a ‘mermaid’.On 6 September 1609 John Colman of his crew was killed by Indians with an arrow to his neck.[26] Hudson sailed into the upper bay on 11 September,[27] and the following day began a journey up what is now known as the Hudson River.[28] Over the next ten days his ship ascended the river, reaching a point about where the present-day capital of Albany is located.[29] Enters the Hudson on Sept 12. Exited from the River October 4
In Hudson's Bay. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hudson#1607_and_1608_voyage and Prickit'sd account https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacuk_Pricket
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Christiansen leaves on Mar 3 to go up0 the Hudosn
Christiansen at Fort Nassau, originally a French fort built int he 40s. Adrian Block building fort Amsterdam at the same time..
he Pilgrims learned later that two Englishmen, a Captain Thomas Hunt and explorer John Smith, had lured Cape Cod Native Americans into a trap in 1614 and sold them as slaves in Europe. The Wampanoag who attacked the scouting party assumed the colonists were somehow related to Hunt's raids and were prepared to defend themselves this time. The skirmish was brief and led the colonists to call the spot where it occured First Encounter, a name which endures to this day. ommand arrived to map Cape Cod and vicinity. John Smith is perhaps better known for having been rescued by Pocahontas at the Jamestown Colony several years earlier. After Smith completed his exploration and mapping of the harbors, he departed, leaving behind an associate, Thomas Hunt, to trade with the Indians. John Smith had hopes of founding a plantation in New England, and so wanted to engage the Indians in trade. Thomas Hunt, however, had other plans. Offering to trade beaver, Hunt lured 24 Nauset and Patuxet Indians onboard his ship and took them captive. John Smith would later write that Master Hunt "most dishonestly, and inhumanely, for their kind usage of me and all our men, carried them with him to Malaga, and there for a little private gain sold those silly salvages for rials of eight." Sir Ferdinando Gorges, head of the Council for New England, remembered it similarly: "one Hunt (a worthless fellow of our nation) set out by certain merchants for love of gain; who (not content with the commodity he had by the fish, and peaceable trade he found among the savages) after he had made his dispatch, and was ready to set sail, (more savage-like than they) seized upon the poor innocent creatures, that in confidence of his honesty had put themselves into his hands." Hunt stored the Indians below the hatches, and sailed them to the Straits of Gibraltar, and on to the city of Malaga, Spain, where he sold as many of them as he could. But when some local Friars in Malaga discovered that they had been brought from America, they took custody of the remaining Indians, and instructed them in the Christian faith. As Sir Ferdinando Gorges states, the Friars "so disappointed this unworthy fellow of the hopes of gain he conceived to make by this new and devilish project."
After sailing up the hudson and up the Connecticut.
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