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RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) is one of the first public-key cryptosystems and is widely used for secure data transmission. In such a cryptosystem, the encryption key is public and it is different from the decryption key which is kept secret (private).
A cryptographer and an Institute Professor at MIT. He was one of the main contributors of RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) which is one of the first public-key cryptosystems and is widely used for secure data transmission. The acronym RSA is made of the initial letters of the surnames of Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman, who first publicly described the algorithm in 1978
Cyberpunk is a subgenre of science fiction in a futuristic setting that tends to focus on a "combination of lowlife and high tech" featuring advanced technological and scientific achievements, such as artificial intelligence and cybernetics, juxtaposed with a degree of breakdown or radical change in the social order.
Leslie B. Lamport (born February 7, 1941) is an American computer scientist. Lamport is best known for his seminal work in distributed systems and as the initial developer of the document preparation system LaTeX. Leslie Lamport was the winner of the 2013 Turing Award for imposing clear, well-defined coherence on the seemingly chaotic behavior of distributed computing systems, in which several autonomous computers communicate with each other by passing messages. He devised important algorithms and developed formal modeling and verification protocols that improve the quality of real distributed systems. These contributions have resulted in improved correctness, performance, and reliability of computer systems
Byzantine Generals' Problem is an agreement problem, (described by Leslie Lamport, Robert Shostak and Marshall Pease in 1982), in which a group of generals, each commanding a portion of the Byzantine army, encircle a city. These generals wish to formulate a plan for attacking the city. In its simplest form, the generals must decide only whether to attack or retreat. Some generals may prefer to attack, while others prefer to retreat. The important thing is that every general agree on a common decision, for a halfhearted attack by a few generals would become a rout, and would be worse than either a coordinated attack or a coordinated retreat.
He is the creator of hyperelliptic curve cryptography and the independent co-creator of elliptic curve cryptography.
Elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC) is an approach to public-key cryptography based on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields. ECC requires smaller keys compared to non-ECC cryptography (based on plain Galois fields) to provide equivalent security.
In cryptography, the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) offers a variant of the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) which uses elliptic curve cryptography.
In cryptography, X.509 is a standard that defines the format of public key certificates. X.509 certificates are used in many Internet protocols, including TLS/SSL, which is the basis for HTTPS, the secure protocol for browsing the web. They are also used in offline applications, like electronic signatures.
David Lee Chaum (born 1955) is an American computer scientist and cryptographer. He is famous for developing ecash, an electronic cash application that aims to preserve a user’s anonymity. He has also invented many cryptographic protocols and founded DigiCash, an electronic money corporation. His 1981 paper, "Untraceable Electronic Mail, Return Addresses, and Digital Pseudonyms", laid the groundwork for the field of anonymous communications research.
DigiCash Inc. was an electronic money corporation founded by David Chaum in 1989. DigiCash transactions were unique in that they were anonymous due to a number of cryptographic protocols developed by its founder. DigiCash declared bankruptcy in 1998, and subsequently sold its assets to eCash Technologies, another digital currency company, which was acquired by InfoSpace on Feb. 19, 2002.
"When the question of who invented the blockchain is asked, one of the names that often gets thrown around is Stuart Haber. There are some who even believe that he is – or at the very least is one of the individuals who worked with – Satoshi Nakamoto to invent the Bitcoin blockchain. Much of the groundwork on which the Bitcoin blockchain and all the other blockchain concepts that have come after have been based on the foundational principles of Stuart Haber’s work. The blockchain traces its roots to the groundbreaking work of Stuart and his colleague W. Scott Stornetta in 1991."
A blockchain, originally block chain, is a continuously growing list of records, called blocks, which are linked and secured using cryptography. Each block typically contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, a timestamp, and transaction data. The first work on a cryptographically secured chain of blocks was described in 1991 by Stuart Haber and W. Scott Stornetta.
A cryptographic hash function (specifically SHA-1) at work. A small change in the input (in the word "over") drastically changes the output (digest). This is the so-called avalanche effect. A cryptographic hash function is a special class of hash function that has certain properties which make it suitable for use in cryptography. It is a mathematical algorithm that maps data of arbitrary size to a bit string of a fixed size (a hash) and is designed to be a one-way function, that is, a function which is infeasible to invert.
The Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) is a Federal Information Processing Standard for digital signatures. In August 1991 the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) proposed DSA for use in their Digital Signature Standard (DSS) and adopted it as FIPS 186 in 1994.
In mathematics and computer science, a directed acyclic graph (DAG), is a finite directed graph with no directed cycles. That is, it consists of finitely many vertices and edges, with each edge directed from one vertex to another, such that there is no way to start at any vertex v and follow a consistently-directed sequence of edges that eventually loops back to v again. Equivalently, a DAG is a directed graph that has a topological ordering, a sequence of the vertices such that every edge is directed from earlier to later in the sequence.
MD5 is one in a series of message digest algorithms designed by Professor Ronald Rivest of MIT (Rivest, 1992). When analytic work indicated that MD5's predecessor MD4 was likely to be insecure, Rivest designed MD5 in 1991 as a secure replacement. (Hans Dobbertin did indeed later find weaknesses in MD4.)
Timothy C. May, better known as Tim May, is an American technical and political writer, and was an electronic engineer and senior scientist at Intel in the company's early history. He retired in 2003.
Crypto-anarchism (or crypto-anarchy) is a cyber-spatial realization of anarchism. Crypto-anarchists employ cryptographic software to evade persecution and harassment while sending and receiving information over computer networks, in an effort to protect their privacy, their political freedom, and their economic freedom.
Nick Szabo is a computer scientist, legal scholar and cryptographer known for his research in digital contracts and digital currency. He graduated from the University of Washington in 1989 with a degree in computer science. He earned a JD from George Washington University Law School. He holds an honorary professorship at the Universidad Francisco Marroquín. The phrase and concept of ""smart contracts"" was developed by Szabo with the goal of bringing what he calls the ""highly evolved"" practices of contract law and practice to the design of electronic commerce protocols between strangers on the Internet. Smart contracts are a major feature of cryptocurrency and the programming language E.
A smart contract is a computerized transaction protocol that executes the terms of a contract. The general objectives of smart contract design are to satisfy common contractual conditions (such as payment terms, liens, confidentiality, and even enforcement), minimize exceptions both malicious and accidental, and minimize the need for trusted intermediaries. Related economic goals include lowering fraud loss, arbitration and enforcement costs, and other transaction costs.
Hashcash is a proof-of-work system used to limit email spam and denial-of-service attacks, and more recently has become known for its use in bitcoin (and other cryptocurrencies) as part of the mining algorithm. Hashcash was proposed in 1997 by Adam Back.
Adam Back (born July 1970) is a British cryptographer and crypto-hacker.He is the inventor of hashcash, the proof-of-work system used by several anti-spam systems. A similar system is used in bitcoin. Hashcash has also been used in a number of other protocols such as combating blog spam, and defending against user namespace pollution.
Wei Dai is a computer engineer best known as the creator of the Bitcoin predecessor "b-money" and as the developer of the Crypto++ library.
B-money was an early proposal created by Wei Dai for an "anonymous, distributed electronic cash system". Satoshi Nakamoto referenced b-money when creating Bitcoin. In his essay, published on the cypherpunks mailing-list in November 1998, Dai proposed two protocols. The first protocol is impractical as it requires a broadcast channel that is unjammable as well being synchronous.
In Nick Szabo’s bit gold structure, a participant would dedicate computer power to solving cryptographic puzzles. In a bit gold network, solved puzzles would be sent to the Byzantine fault-tolerant public registry and assigned to the public key of the solver. Each solution would become part of the next challenge, creating a growing chain of new property. This aspect of the system provided a way for the network to verify and time-stamp new coins, because unless a majority of the parties agreed to accept new solutions, they couldn’t start on the next puzzle.
Enter stByzantine fault tolerance (BFT) is the dependability of a fault-tolerant computer system, particularly distributed computing systems, where components may fail and there is imperfect information on whether a component is failed. In a "Byzantine failure", a component such as a server can inconsistently appear both failed and functioning to failure-detection systems, presenting different symptoms to different observers.ory info here
Shawn Fanning (born November 22, 1980) is an American computer programmer, entrepreneur, and angel investor. He developed Napster, one of the first popular peer-to-peer ("P2P") file sharing platforms, in 1999. The popularity of Napster was widespread and Fanning was featured on the cover of Time magazine
Sean Parker (born December 3, 1979) is an American billionaire Entrepreneur who cofounded the file-sharing computer service Napster and served as the first president of the social networking website Facebook. He also cofounded Plaxo, Causes, Airtime.com, and Brigade, an online platform for civic engagement.
EnNapster was founded by Shawn Fanning and Sean Parker. Initially, Napster was envisioned as an independent peer-to-peer file sharing service by Shawn Fanning. The service operated between June 1999 and July 2001. Its technology allowed people to easily share their MP3 files with other participants. Although the original service was shut down by court order, the Napster brand survived after the company's assets were liquidated and purchased by other companies through bankruptcy proceedings.ter story info here
BitTorrent (abbreviated to BT) is a communication protocol for peer-to-peer file sharing (P2P) which is used to distribute data and electronic files over the Internet.
SHA-2 (Secure Hash Algorithm 2) is a set of cryptographic hash functions designed by the United States National Security Agency (NSA). With the publication of FIPS PUB 180-2, NIST added three additional hash functions in the SHA family. The algorithms are collectively known as SHA-2, named after their digest lengths (in bits): SHA-256, SHA-384, and SHA-512.
A Ricardian contract places the defining elements of a legal agreement in a format that can be expressed and executed in software. The key is to make the format both machine readable, such that they can easily be extracted for computational purposes, and readable as an ordinary text document such that lawyers and contracting parties may read the essentials of the contract conveniently.
Ian Grigg is one of the earliest pioneers in financial cryptography. In 1995 he built one of the first cryptographically secured systems to issue or trade any kind of asset. He created the Ricardian Contract, a secure approach to registering the intent of a legal agreement in a system like a work of software, and also co-invented triple-entry accounting, an early form of distributed ledger.
The Keccak algorithm is the work of Guido Bertoni, Joan Daemen (who also co-designed the Rijndael cipher with Vincent Rijmen), Michael Peeters, and Gilles Van Assche. It is based on earlier hash function designs PANAMA and RadioGatún. PANAMA was designed by Daemen and Craig Clapp in 1998. RadioGatún, a successor of PANAMA, was designed by Daemen, Peeters, and Van Assche, and was presented at the NIST Hash Workshop in 2006
A family of cryptographic hash functions developed in Leuven, Belgium. RIPEMD-160 is an improved, 160-bit version of the original RIPEMD, and the most common version in the family. RIPEMD-160 was designed in the open academic community, in contrast to the NSA-designed SHA-1 and SHA-2 algorithms.
Satoshi Nakamoto is the name used by the unknown person or people who developed bitcoin, authored the bitcoin white paper, created and deployed bitcoin's original reference implementation. As part of the implementation, they also devised the first blockchain database. In the process they were the first to solve the double-spending problem for digital currency using a peer-to-peer network. They were active in the development of bitcoin up until December 2010.
Proof of work (abbreviated to PoW) is a consensus protocol introduced by Bitcoin and used widely by many other cryptocurrencies. This process is known as mining and as such the nodes on the network are known as “miners”. The “proof of work” comes in the form of an answer to a mathematical problem, one that requires considerable work to arrive at, but is easily verified to be correct once the answer has been reached.
Bitcoin is the world's first cryptocurrency, a form of electronic cash sent peer-to-peer without the need for a financial intermediary. It is the first decentralized digital currency: the system works without a central bank or single administrator. Bitcoins are sent from user to user on the peer-to-peer Bitcoin network directly, without the need for intermediaries. These transactions are verified by network nodes through cryptography and recorded in a public distributed ledger called a blockchain. Bitcoin was invented by an unknown person or group of people using the name Satoshi Nakamoto and released as open-source software in 2009.
Harold Thomas Finney II was a developer for PGP Corporation, and was the second developer hired after Phil Zimmermann. In his early career, he was credited as lead developer on several console games. He also was an early Bitcoin user and received the first bitcoin transaction from Bitcoin's creator Satoshi Nakamoto. In 2004, Finney created the first reusable proof of work system before bitcoin. In January 2009, Finney was the Bitcoin network's first transaction recipient.
Satoshi Nakamoto is the name used by the unknown person or people who developed bitcoin, authored the bitcoin white paper, created and deployed bitcoin's original reference implementation. As part of the implementation, they also devised the first blockchain database.[2] In the process they were the first to solve the double-spending problem for digital currency using a peer-to-peer network. They were active in the development of bitcoin up until December 2010.
Algorithm, created by Colin Percival in May 2009, specifically designed to make it costly to perform large-scale custom hardware attacks by requiring large amounts of memory. A simplified version of scrypt is used as a proof-of-work scheme by a number of cryptocurrencies, first implemented by an anonymous programmer called ArtForz in Tenebrix and followed by Fairbrix and Litecoin soon after.
Laszlo Hanyecz (laszlo) made the first documented purchase of a good with bitcoin.
Jeremy Sturdivant (jercos) was the counter-party to Laszlo Hanyecz in the first documented purchase of a tangible good or service using bitcoin. On May 22, 2010 Laszlo Hanyecz famously declared success in his four day quest to trade 10,000 BTC for “a couple of pizzas”, posting on a bitcointalk forum page: “I just want to report that I successfully traded 10,000 bitcoins for pizza. Thanks jercos!” According to jercos the transaction was finalized over IRC chats. Jercos was 18 at the time of the transaction. At one time in late 2017 10,000 bitcoins was worth over USD$ 100million.
ArtForz is the developer alias of one controversial and relevant programmer in mining code development. He was an active member of initial Bitcoin Code development. He wrote a proper bitcoin GPU mining software and creare one of the firsts mining farm (ArtFarm). He was the lead developer of Tenebrix altcoin. The first one using a GPU/ASIC-resistant algorithm (Scrypt)
Namecoin is the first fork of the bitcoin source code. The key idea behind Namecoin is not to produce an altcoin but instead to provide improved decentralization, censorship resistance, privacy, security, and faster decentralized naming.
Ripple is a payment settling, currency exchange and remittance system (not Blockchain-based) intendedd for banks and payment networks
First altcoin implementing an ASIC resistant PoW. The Scrypt algorithm, made famous by its adoption by Litecoin shortly afterwards, is a cryptographic hash function designed to counter the hardware advantages that large GPU mining operations had over home computers. Scrypt (pronounced es-crypt) is a CPU and memory intensive algorithm and thus could only be mined efficiently by a CPU.
Litecoin was released via an open-source client on GitHub on October 7, 2011 by Charlie Lee, a Google employee. The Litecoin network was a fork of the Bitcoin Core client, differing primarily by having a decreased block generation time (2.5 minutes), increased maximum number of coins, different hashing algorithm (scrypt, instead of SHA-256), and a slightly modified GUI.
Peercoin, also known as PPCoin or PPC, is a peer-to-peer cryptocurrency utilizing both proof-of-stake and proof-of-work systems.
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