From approximately 384-322 BC, Aristotle laid the foundation for Zoology. He wrote “History of Animals”. In this book, he recorded his early studies of animals, i.e. birds, by determining the universal features of specific animals. This laid the foundation for classification.
In the 6th century BC, Alcmaeon marked the first milestone in Biology through his discoveries regarding human anatomy and physiology. He proposed that the brain is main tool for thinking and understanding. Also, this scientist was amongst the first to perform dissection on live animals.
In 1667, Jean-Baptiste Denis performed the first human-animal blood transfusion in history. Two out of three of his operations were successful. After one of his patience died, transfusion was banned in France. This is the point where transfusion studies came to a halt. Despite the macabre tragedies that happened in early transfusion, science improved over the years to make this procedure safe and low-risk. Modern blood transfusion continues to save millions of lives.
Carl Linnaeus published the tenth edition of his book Systema Naturae. In this book, he introduced a binary form of species names called trivial names for both plants and animals. This is regarded as the starting point of modern classification and is called Linnaean Classification.
From 1809 to 1811, Mary Anning collected many fossils that would become crucial evidence for extinction. She first found bones of Ichthyosaurus, and Plesiosaurs. These specimens were introduced to the scientific community of London for the first time, and they provided great insight to the Jurassic Period. Despite a woman of low background status at the time, Mary Anning was an influential fossilist who laid the grounds for the study of Paleontology.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published his Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics, which stated that physiological changes acquired by an individual maybe passed of to their offspring. This was 50 years before Darwin published his Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection, disproving Lamarck’s theory.
Robert Brown gave a speech about his findings in the cells of a plant. He saw pollen travelling in and out of an oval that he later named the nucleus. Brown also suggested in his speech that the nucleus could be the center of all cellular organisms.
Charles Darwin and his crew sets sail on the H.M.S. Beagle from Peru to the Galapagos Islands. 8 days later, on September 15, 1835, they arrived on the island. This marks the start of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.
In 1859, Julius Plucker pointed out that elements reacted different in different temperatures. With this knowledge chemist and biologist can understand the specifics of certain elements.
Charles Darwin publishes his book based on his findings in the Galapagos Islands. The book is called On the origin of Species by means of Natural Selection. His book became wildly popular and was a best seller. Despite the popularity of the book, not everyone agreed with Darwin’s theory of evolution.
Louis Pasteur was awarded a prize by the Academy for his discovery that refuted Spontaneous Generation. Before his experiments, it was thought that life, such as bacteria, could generate spontaneously. Pasteur refuted this idea through a series of experiments that proved that there are particles and bacteria all over the environment and that is what contained the microbes to cause decay.
Louis Pasteur invents the process of pasteurization, which kills harmful bacteria that grow in dairy products. This process uses high temperature and short time (HTST). Pasteurization kills the bacteria responsible for listeriosis, typhoid fever, tuberculosis, diphtheria, and brucellosis.
Gregor Mendel develops the Theory of Inheritance, which is the theory of how certain characteristics get transmitted from one generation to another in organisms. This theory consists of 3 concepts: 1. Segregation, alleles are separated into individual gametes. 2. Dominance, a dominant allele overpowers the effects of the recessive allele. 3. Independent assortment, alleles of different chromosomes are distributed randomly to individual gametes.
Robert Koch makes his first observation of the formation of anthrax spores. This led to him discovering that bacteria cause diseases. Two years later, in 1876, he documented the full life cycle of Bacillus anthracis, the bacteria that causes anthrax.
George Johnstone Stoney introduced the term electron. It was said because of George Stoney many scientist later on came across splitting the spectrum lines. Now we are given more info about electrons and their objectives around an atom
In 1891, Hermann Hengkin discovered that the x-chromosome was different from others. He initially named it the X element. However, it was not until 1901 that x-chromosome was proposed to be a sex-determining chromosome by Clarence McClung. Although this theory was wrong, it brought the focus to the role of the X-chromosomes, and its involvement in diseases and abnormalities.
In 1901, Hugo de Vries introduced mutation. after conducting many experiments on plants and realizing that some of the plants took on different characteristics than its mother plant. Today we can look at how a mutation came to be in an organism. Observers are able to view why organisms has the type of mutation it has.
Within the year 1903, Walter Sulton published, The Chromosomes in Heredity. Focusing on this topic we are able to understand more clearly about chromosomes in the sperm and female egg. The split in x chromosomes and from where they were originally located.
In 1915 it was discovered by Fredrick Twort that their was a type of virus that attacked bacteria. Killing the bacteria and allowing for more virus cells to accumalate. It is good to understand this so medical scientist can find better ways in treating viruses or finding better reponders to the type of virus.
IN 1927, George Thomas allowed electrons to operate in diffraction. Scientist can see how electrons operate when they go through this process.
In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillin. The discovery of Penicillin started the development of antibiotic medicine. The heavy use of antibiotics will prove problematic later on. Antibiotic resistance gradually became a problem, leading to many more microbiology studies.
In 1933, Ernest Ruska made the first electron microscope. It was has impacted us today in the way we are able to modify and make stronger television tubes.
In 1935, Wendell Stanley was the first chemist to crystallize a virus. The crystallized virus was similar to a chemical rather than a living thing. This discovery surprised many people, science illiterate or not, because of the popular believe that virus are living things. His work led to many other studies that confirm the make up of a virus, which is a protein, nucleic acid, and RNA. Not only did Stanley give prominence to the study of how viruses reproduce, he helped redefine the definition of life in Biology.
In 1937, Manfred von Ardenne built the first high definition scanning electron microscope. This opened doors to many electron microscopy developments. This instrument is still used in many microbiology, and genetic engineering labs.
In 1938, Warren Weaver made the term molecular biology. With the introduction and use of this topic we are able to apply the math to get precise information on the application of molecules.
In 1945, Keith R Porter, Albert Claude and Ernest F Fullam published a paper called “ A Study of a Tissue Culture Cells by Electron Microscopy”. In this paper, the first picture of a cell was developed from an electron microscope, this microscope magnification was 1600X. This image confirmed parts of the cell including the endoplasmic reticulum, and the mitochondria.
In, 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the model of the DNA. They displayed the double helix diagram. We are now able to replicate and and learn more how to encode the DNA.
In 1961, Marshall Nirenberg encoded the mystery of triplets within genetic codes. This helps to understand the codes that operate together and in today's age we are able to synthesize artificial codes to pair with molecules.
In 1972, Paul Berg work was published when he became the first person to configure a DNA molecule from different organisms. Today we can splice cells and create and modify chromosomes easier to help individuals who need it.
In 1993, Polymer Chase Reaction was awarded a Chemistry Nobel Prize. This event brought recognition to this new science technology. With this advancement, many DNA can be replicated from just one original DNA. This allow testings of DNA strands an easier process. This method transformed many biology study labs around the world.
We'd love to hear from you. Please send questions or feedback to the below email addresses.
Before contacting us, you may wish to visit our FAQs page which has lots of useful info on Tiki-Toki.
We can be contacted by email at: hello@tiki-toki.com.
You can also follow us on twitter at twitter.com/tiki_toki.
If you are having any problems with Tiki-Toki, please contact us as at: help@tiki-toki.com
Close